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Horus

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A falcon god, and one of the most important gods of Egypt from very early times. A falcon, usually interpreted as Horus, may be seen on as early an object as the Narmer Palette. The name Horus means 'the far-away one', referring to his function as a sky god. Old representations show a falcon in a bark travelling across the sky. In his cosmic aspect, Horus was closely related to the sun, particularly in the morning, as shown by one of Re's names, Horakhty, 'Horus of the Horizon', and the Sphinx of Giza bore the name 'Harmachis', 'Horus in the Horizon'. The sun and the moon were regarded as the eyes of the sky god. Further, Horus was always linked with the king. One of the five names of the king is his Horus name, often written in a 'serekh' with a falcon sitting on top. The king was considered to be the personification of Horus. In fact, Horus is an amalgamation of several gods. To begin with there was the 'Great Horus' (Haroeris), who was later included as the tenth member of the Ennead of Heliopolis and the brother of Osiris (born on the second epagomenal day, thus older than Seth). This Horus is different from Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis (Harsiese), who had to fight his uncle Seth for Osiris's throne after his death. The ancient Egyptians, who considered the two battling gods to belong to the same generation, allowed this difference to fade into the background, however. Other closely related gods include Harpocrates (Horus the Child, a version of Horus the son of Isis), Harendotes (Horus who protects his father (Osiris)), and Harsomtus (Horus, the uniter of the Two Lands). Another god with whom Horus had close links was Khentekhtai. We are particularly well-informed about the struggle between Horus and Seth through a number of different sources. It is referred to in the Pyramid Texts, the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead, and we also have a complete version on papyrus. Various Greek authors, such as Plutarch, also recorded parts of or all of the story. An important episode in the story is when Horus loses an eye. Later on he gets it back with the help of Thoth or Hathor. Because Horus brought his restored eye to Osiris thus giving him new life, the Eye of Horus became the prototype of every offering. Within the cult, every offering is referred to as the Eye of Horus. On the other hand, the complete, undamaged eye also appeared as an amulet, the udjat-eye. We know of many cult centres for Horus, with the various Horus gods simply being referred to with the addition of the placename. Thus, for example, we know of a Horus of Hiƫrakonpolis, a Horus of Edfu (ancient Egyptian Behdet, probably the best known cult centre), and a Horus of Letopolis. Representations show Horus as a falcon or as a man with the head of a falcon. As Horus the Child he is usually depicted as a nude boy with a lock of youth and holding a finger to his mouth.